Investigation of the involvement of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in the efflux of ximelagatran and its metabolites by using short hairpin RNA knockdown in Caco-2 cells.

Liver and bile secretion can be an important first-pass and clearance route for drug compounds and also the site of several drug-drug interactions. In the clinical program for ximelagatran development, an unexpected effect of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of the direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran and its metabolites was detected. This interaction was believed to be mediated by inhibition of drug transporters, which normally extrude the drug into the bile. Previous Caco-2 cell experiments indicated the involvement of an active efflux mechanism for ximelagatran, hydroxy-melagatran, and melagatran possibly mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). However, the inhibitors used may not have been specific enough and the possibility that transporters other than P-gp were important in the Caco-2 cell assay cannot be excluded. In this study we used RNA interference, a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism in which mRNA is degraded in a sequence-specific manner, to specifically knock down P-gp or multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) transporters in Caco-2 cells. The data obtained from bidirectional transport studies in these cells indicate a clear involvement of P-gp but not of MRP2 in the transport of ximelagatran, hydroxy-melagatran, and melagatran across the apical cell membrane. The present study shows that short hairpin RNA Caco-2 cells are a valuable tool to investigate the contribution of specific transporters in the transcellular transport of drug molecules and to predict potential sites of pharmacokinetic interactions. The results also suggest that inhibition of hepatic P-gp is involved in the erythromycin-ximelagatran interaction seen in clinical studies.