Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
Res Dev Disabil. 2010 Mar-Apr;31(2):536-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2009.12.003. Epub 2009 Dec 24.
Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities often have difficulties foregoing short-term loss for long-term gain. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been extensively adopted as a laboratory measure of this ability. In the present study, we undertook the first investigation with people with intellectual disabilities using a two-choice child version of the IGT, with measures of intellectual and executive functioning. Compared to a group of matched controls, people with intellectual disabilities performed advantageously and showed high levels of subjective awareness about the relative goodness and badness of the decks. A symbol labelling intervention, in which participants were taught to label the good and bad decks at regular intervals significantly improved advantageous decision-making to levels approximating that of controls. Factor analysis of executive functioning scores identified working memory and mental flexibility (response initiation and set shifting), with a near-significant inverse correlation between the extent to which the intervention was required and mental flexibility. These findings show, for the first time, that people with intellectual disabilities are capable of performing advantageously on the IGT and add to the growing clinical literature on decision-making.
个体的智力和发展障碍往往难以放弃短期损失以获得长期收益。爱荷华赌博任务（IGT）已被广泛应用于该能力的实验室测量。在本研究中，我们首次使用了一种基于儿童的 IGT 二择一式测试方法，结合智力和执行功能的测量，对智力障碍人群进行了研究。与一组匹配的对照组相比，智力障碍人群表现出优势，并且对牌组的相对好坏具有很高的主观意识。符号标记干预，即教导参与者定期标记好牌组和坏牌组，这显著改善了优势决策，使其接近对照组的水平。对执行功能评分进行的因子分析确定了工作记忆和心理灵活性（反应启动和定势转移），干预所需程度与心理灵活性之间存在接近显著的负相关。这些发现首次表明，智力障碍人群能够在 IGT 上表现出优势，并且为不断增长的决策临床文献增添了新内容。
