University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Phys Sportsmed. 2009 Dec;37(4):116-23. doi: 10.3810/psm.2009.12.1749.
Muscle contraction results in generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) at a rate determined by the intensity, frequency, and duration of the exercise protocols. Strenuous exercise causes oxidation of protein, lipid, and DNA, release of cytosolic enzymes, and other signs of cell damage; however, only exhaustive exercise is detrimental. Indeed, the regulation of vascular tone, the excitation-contraction coupling, growth, and differentiation in skeletal muscle, are governed in part by RONS. This is accomplished by RONS interaction with redox-sensitive transcription factors, leading to increased gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, cytoprotective proteins, and other enzymes involved in muscle metabolic functions. However, high levels of RONS generation are known to cause oxidative stress, activate certain pathogenic pathways, and accelerate aging. This article reviews research from the past decades on the interplay of oxidants and antioxidants in skeletal muscle, with particular reference to increased contractile activity. Adaptation of muscle to increased oxidative stress and the potential mechanisms involved will be highlighted. The role of redox-controlled cell signaling in skeletal muscle health and function is also described.
肌肉收缩会导致活性氧和氮物种 (RONS) 的产生，其产生速率取决于运动方案的强度、频率和持续时间。剧烈运动导致蛋白质、脂质和 DNA 的氧化、细胞质酶的释放以及其他细胞损伤的迹象；然而，只有过度运动才是有害的。事实上，血管张力的调节、兴奋-收缩偶联、骨骼肌的生长和分化，部分受到 RONS 的控制。这是通过 RONS 与氧化还原敏感转录因子相互作用来实现的，导致抗氧化酶、细胞保护蛋白和其他参与肌肉代谢功能的酶的基因表达增加。然而，众所周知，高水平的 RONS 产生会导致氧化应激、激活某些致病途径并加速衰老。本文回顾了过去几十年关于氧化剂和抗氧化剂在骨骼肌中的相互作用的研究，特别提到了收缩活动的增加。将重点介绍肌肉对增加的氧化应激的适应及其涉及的潜在机制。还描述了氧化还原控制的细胞信号在骨骼肌健康和功能中的作用。
