Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara,Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2010 Jan;36(1):37-53. doi: 10.1037/a0017683.
Three experiments examined how bottom-up and top-down processes interact when people view and make inferences from complex visual displays (weather maps). Bottom-up effects of display design were investigated by manipulating the relative visual salience of task-relevant and task-irrelevant information across different maps. Top-down effects of domain knowledge were investigated by examining performance and eye fixations before and after participants learned relevant meteorological principles. Map design and knowledge interacted such that salience had no effect on performance before participants learned the meteorological principles; however, after learning, participants were more accurate if they viewed maps that made task-relevant information more visually salient. Effects of display design on task performance were somewhat dissociated from effects of display design on eye fixations. The results support a model in which eye fixations are directed primarily by top-down factors (task and domain knowledge). They suggest that good display design facilitates performance not just by guiding where viewers look in a complex display but also by facilitating processing of the visual features that represent task-relevant information at a given display location. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).
三个实验考察了人们在观看和从复杂视觉显示（天气图）中推断时，自下而上和自上而下的过程如何相互作用。通过在不同的地图上操纵与任务相关和不相关信息的相对视觉显著性，研究了显示设计的自下而上的影响。通过检查参与者学习相关气象原理前后的表现和眼动注视，研究了领域知识的自上而下的影响。地图设计和知识相互作用，使得在参与者学习气象原理之前，显著性对表现没有影响；但是，在学习之后，如果参与者看到使任务相关信息在视觉上更突出的地图，他们的表现就会更加准确。显示设计对任务表现的影响与显示设计对眼动注视的影响有些不同。研究结果支持这样一种模型，即眼动注视主要由自上而下的因素（任务和领域知识）决定。它们表明，良好的显示设计不仅可以通过引导观众在复杂的显示中看哪里来促进表现，而且还可以通过促进在给定显示位置表示任务相关信息的视觉特征的处理来促进表现。（PsycINFO 数据库记录（c）2009 APA，保留所有权利）。
