Chemical lake restoration products: sediment stability and phosphorus dynamics.

Laboratory experiments with sediments from three shallow Danish lakes were conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical lake restoration products during resuspension. Phosphorus (P) removal, sediment stability, sediment consolidation and color reduction were studied over time. The investigated products were aluminum (Al), Phoslock (a commercial bentonite product coated with lanthanum) and a combination of Al covered with bentonite (Al/Ben). All treatments effectively reduced the P concentration in the water. However, the treatments containing Al reduced the P concentration immediately after resuspension, whereas Phoslock required several days after resuspension to reduce the P concentration. Especially Phoslock, but also Al/Ben, increased the sediment stability threshold by 265% and 101%, respectively, whereas Al had no stabilizing effect. The fresh Al floc was resuspended 5x easier than untreated sediment. The largest consolidation of the sediment occurred with addition of Phoslock, followed by Al/Ben, while Al alone had no effect. Enhanced consolidation may be of importance for macrophyte colonisation of organic sediment. Phoslock improved the light climate moderately by removing color, whereas Al was very effective in removing color. Ben/Al showed intermediate effects on color reduction. These findings are important when decisions are made on restoration method for a specific lake, which may be more or less wind exposed.