一项定性荟萃分析揭示了阿特拉津对淡水鱼类和两栖类动物的一致影响。
A qualitative meta-analysis reveals consistent effects of atrazine on freshwater fish and amphibians.
机构信息
Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA.
出版信息
Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Jan;118(1):20-32. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901164.
OBJECTIVE
The biological effects of the herbicide atrazine on freshwater vertebrates are highly controversial. In an effort to resolve the controversy, we conducted a qualitative meta-analysis on the effects of ecologically relevant atrazine concentrations on amphibian and fish survival, behavior, metamorphic traits, infections, and immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems.
DATA SOURCES
We used published, peer-reviewed research and applied strict quality criteria for inclusion of studies in the meta-analysis.
DATA SYNTHESIS
We found little evidence that atrazine consistently caused direct mortality of fish or amphibians, but we found evidence that it can have indirect and sublethal effects. The relationship between atrazine concentration and timing of amphibian metamorphosis was regularly nonmonotonic, indicating that atrazine can both accelerate and delay metamorphosis. Atrazine reduced size at or near metamorphosis in 15 of 17 studies and 14 of 14 species. Atrazine elevated amphibian and fish activity in 12 of 13 studies, reduced antipredator behaviors in 6 of 7 studies, and reduced olfactory abilities for fish but not for amphibians. Atrazine was associated with a reduction in 33 of 43 immune function end points and with an increase in 13 of 16 infection end points. Atrazine altered at least one aspect of gonadal morphology in 7 of 10 studies and consistently affected gonadal function, altering spermatogenesis in 2 of 2 studies and sex hormone concentrations in 6 of 7 studies. Atrazine did not affect vitellogenin in 5 studies and increased aromatase in only 1 of 6 studies. Effects of atrazine on fish and amphibian reproductive success, sex ratios, gene frequencies, populations, and communities remain uncertain.
CONCLUSIONS
Although there is much left to learn about the effects of atrazine, we identified several consistent effects of atrazine that must be weighed against any of its benefits and the costs and benefits of alternatives to atrazine use.
目的
莠去津这种除草剂对淡水脊椎动物的生物影响极具争议性。为了解决这一争议，我们对生态相关莠去津浓度对两栖动物和鱼类生存、行为、变态特征、感染以及免疫、内分泌和生殖系统的影响进行了定性荟萃分析。
资料来源
我们使用了已发表的同行评审研究，并应用了严格的质量标准来纳入荟萃分析的研究。
资料综合
我们发现莠去津并未一致导致鱼类或两栖动物的直接死亡，但有证据表明它可能具有间接的亚致死影响。莠去津浓度与两栖动物变态时间之间的关系通常是非单调的，这表明莠去津既可以加速也可以延迟变态。在 17 项研究中的 15 项和 14 个物种中，莠去津降低了变态时或接近变态时的体型。在 13 项研究中的 12 项中，莠去津提高了鱼类的活动，在 7 项研究中的 6 项降低了鱼类的防御行为，在 16 个感染终点中有 13 个降低了鱼类的嗅觉能力，但对两栖动物没有影响。在 43 个免疫功能终点中有 33 个与莠去津有关，在 16 个感染终点中有 13 个与莠去津有关。莠去津改变了 10 项研究中的 7 项生殖腺形态的至少一个方面，并且一致影响了生殖腺功能，改变了 2 项研究中的精子发生，改变了 7 项研究中的 6 项性激素浓度。在 5 项研究中，莠去津对卵黄蛋白原没有影响，在 6 项研究中仅增加了 1 项卵黄蛋白原。莠去津对鱼类和两栖类生殖成功率、性别比例、基因频率、种群和群落的影响仍不确定。
结论
尽管我们对莠去津的影响还有很多需要了解，但我们已经确定了莠去津的一些一致影响，这些影响必须与任何其益处以及替代莠去津使用的替代方案的成本和益处进行权衡。
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