Mechanisms of change in extended cognitive behavioral treatment for tobacco dependence.

AIM

To evaluate potential mediators of an extended cognitive behavioral smoking cessation intervention.

DESIGN

Analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation.

SETTING

The Habit Abatement Clinic, University of California, San Francisco.

PARTICIPANTS

Participants were older cigarette smokers (>/=50 years old). Those receiving Standard Treatment (N=100) were compared to those receiving extended cognitive behavioral treatment (N=99).

MEASUREMENTS

Negative affect was measured with the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the Medical Outcome Studies 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Abstinence-specific social support was measured with the Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ). Motivation to quit and abstinence self-efficacy were measured on 1-10 scales with the Thoughts about Abstinence Questionnaire. All were measured at the beginning of treatment and week 52.

RESULTS

Analyses revealed that extended CBT increased abstinence self-efficacy over the first 52 weeks postcessation. This effect, in turn, was positively associated with 7-day point prevalence abstinence at week 64 while controlling for treatment condition, and eliminated the independent effect of treatment condition on abstinence. The test of mediation indicated a significant effect, and abstinence self-efficacy accounted for 61% to 83% of the total effect of treatment condition on smoking abstinence. Results failed to support a mediational role of negative affect, abstinence-specific social support, or motivation to quit.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the present study are consistent with theories of relapse and studies of more time-limited interventions, and underscore the importance of abstinence self-efficacy in achieving long-term abstinence from cigarettes.