Extracellular matrix-induced transforming growth factor-beta receptor signaling dynamics.

Matrix remodeling, degradation, inflammation and invasion liberate peptide fragments that can subsequently interact with cells in an attachment-independent manner. Such 'soluble' matrix components, including collagens, fibronectin and laminin, induced Smad activation (termed crosstalk signaling), which follows a similar chronological sequence and R-Smad specificity as induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Smad4 nuclear translocation occurred in response to collagen binding, indicating downstream signal propagation. TGF-beta scavenging antibody affected only TGF-beta1, but not crosstalk-induced responses. TGF-beta type II receptor mutation (DR26Delta25), which is deficient in TGF-beta type I receptor recruitment to the ligand, induced a heterotetramer signaling complex, and propagated Smad2 activation only through collagen induction and not TGF-beta signaling. Consequentially, TGF-beta ligand participation is not required for crosstalk signaling. This signaling requires a functional integrin beta1 receptor as showed by RNA interference. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and fluorescent microscopy indicate the involvement of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src activity in collagen-induced signal propagation, and suggest a membrane signaling complex formation that includes both TGF-beta receptors and integrins. The related gene expressional responses are distinct from that evoked by TGF-beta1, supporting its separate function. This signaling mechanism expands and partially explains TGF-beta receptor dynamics and consequential signaling diversity-related gene expressional plasticity.