Anion and pH-dependent conformational transition of an amphiphilic polypeptide.

While several proteins, including beta-lactamase, cytochrome c and apomyoglobin, are maximally unfolded at pH 2 by HCl in the absence of salt, the addition of anions, either from salt or acid, co-operatively induces the unfolded proteins to refold to a molten globule state, because anions bind preferentially to the compact molten globule state compared to the extended unfolded state. To study the role of the anion-dependent conformational transition at neutral pH, we synthesized a model polypeptide of 51 amino acid residues, consisting of tandem repeats of a Lys-Lys-Leu-Leu sequence and containing a turn sequence, Asn-Pro-Gly, at the center of the molecule. The model polypeptide showed no significant conformation by circular dichroism under conditions of low salt at neutral pH. However, addition of anions, either from salt or acid, induced the folding transition to an alpha-helical conformational state. The order of effectiveness of various anions in inducing the folding transition was consistent with the series of anions in inducing the molten globule of the acid-denatured protein. This suggests that the helical state of the model polypeptide is equivalent to the molten globule state. At pH values above 9, the model polypeptide also took an alpha-helical conformation, which was very similar to that induced by anions. On the basis of the chloride and pH-dependent conformational transitions, a phase diagram for the conformational states was constructed. The phase diagram was explained simply by assuming that the conformational transition is linked to the proton and the anion bindings to a limited number of amino groups and that anions bind only to the protonated groups.