Laboratoire TOXLAB, Paris, France.
Forensic Sci Int. 2010 Mar 20;196(1-3):14-7. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.037. Epub 2010 Feb 8.
The authors present 3 cases that demonstrate a return to DFC following periods of inactivity. The offences occurred in Paris and its suburbs and in each of the cases there were two distinct periods of activity by the offenders with 2, 8 and 22 victims attributed to each of the perpetrators. To 20mg of decontaminated and cut hair, 100 pg/mg of clonazepam-d4 was added as internal standard. Hair specimens were extracted with CH(2)Cl(2)/ether after incubation overnight at 56 degrees C in pH 7.6 buffer. Extractions were performed on blood and urine using Toxi-tube A with 5 ng/mL of clonazepam-d4. The residues were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Calibration curves in blood and urine (0.5-500 ng/mL) were prepared by spiking aliquots of blank fluids (r(2)>0.9816 for all drugs). LOD in body fluids ranged 0.5-10 ng/mL. Calibration curves in hair (0.5-100 pg/mg) were prepared by spiking aliquots of blank hair (r(2)>0.9877 for all drugs). LOD in hair ranged 0.5-5 pg/mg. Case #1: Two young women were raped with an interval of approximately 1 year between the incidents. Lorazepam (present, <2 pg/mg) was detected in hair obtained from the first victim, and zolpidem (19 pg/mg) in hair of the second one. The offender was in jail between the two offences. Case #2: The offender approached a total of 8 men and women who were aged over 50 years. The offender was in jail between the two series of respectively 3 and 5 victims. Zopiclone was detected in victims' hair (n=7) at concentrations 13-42 pg/mg. Case #3: The offender stole thousands of Euros using credit cards obtained from 22 different wealthy victims. He employed a cocktail of up to 6 drugs made up of: flunitrazepam, clonazepam, doxylamine, cyamemazine, zolpidem and lorazepam. Drugs were detected in all victims' hair (n=18) at concentrations in the range 1-81 pg/mg for all drugs. Between the two series (of respectively 4 and 16 victims) the offender spent 6 months in jail, and then police spent 6 months looking for him while he was under judiciary control prior to his judgment. Segmental hair analysis permits retrospective information on drug exposure and should be considered in the investigation of drug-facilitated crimes not only to prove single exposure but also when there has been any appreciable delay in samples being obtained for analysis. Indeed, in 56% cases reported in this paper, due to the long time that elapsed between offences and the opportunity to obtain samples for analysis hair analysis was considered the only viable matrix to investigate the possibility of drug involvement in the crimes. Our experience demonstrates that the incidence of re-offending in DFC after a period of inactivity (often due to imprisonment) may be of concern, notably in big cities.
作者报告了 3 例在一段时间的无活动后重新出现 DFC 的病例。这些犯罪发生在巴黎及其郊区，在每个案例中，犯罪者都有两个明显的活动期，每个犯罪者有 2、8 和 22 名受害者。向 20mg 去污染和切割的头发中加入 100pg/mg 的氯硝西泮-d4 作为内标。头发标本在 pH 7.6 缓冲液中在 56°C 下孵育过夜后用 CH(2)Cl(2)/乙醚提取。使用 Toxi-tube A 从血液和尿液中提取，其中含有 5ng/mL 的氯硝西泮-d4。残留物通过 LC-ESI-MS/MS 进行分析。血液和尿液中的校准曲线（0.5-500ng/mL）通过向空白液的等分试样中添加药物（所有药物的 r(2)>0.9816）制备。体液中的检测限范围为 0.5-10ng/mL。头发中的校准曲线（0.5-100pg/mg）通过向空白头发的等分试样中添加药物（所有药物的 r(2)>0.9877）制备。头发中的检测限范围为 0.5-5pg/mg。案例 1：两名年轻女性被强奸，两次事件之间间隔约 1 年。在第一个受害者的头发中检测到劳拉西泮（存在，<2pg/mg），第二个受害者的头发中检测到唑吡坦（19pg/mg）。犯罪者在两次犯罪之间被监禁。案例 2：犯罪者总共接近了 8 名年龄超过 50 岁的男女。犯罪者在分别为 3 名和 5 名受害者的两个系列之间被监禁。在 7 名受害者的头发中检测到佐匹克隆（浓度 13-42pg/mg）。案例 3：犯罪者使用从 22 名不同富有的受害者那里获得的信用卡窃取了数千欧元。他使用了一种由多达 6 种药物组成的鸡尾酒，包括：氟硝西泮、氯硝西泮、多西拉敏、氰甲噻嗪、唑吡坦和劳拉西泮。所有受害者的头发（n=18）中均检测到这些药物（浓度范围为 1-81pg/mg）。在两个系列（分别为 4 名和 16 名受害者）之间，犯罪者被监禁了 6 个月，然后警方在他受到司法控制之前寻找了他 6 个月，以便对他进行审判。分段头发分析可提供药物暴露的回溯信息，不仅应在调查药物辅助犯罪时考虑，以证明单次暴露，而且在获得分析样本时存在明显延迟时也应考虑。事实上，在本文报告的 56%的案例中，由于犯罪与获得样本进行分析之间的时间过长，头发分析被认为是调查药物参与犯罪的唯一可行基质。我们的经验表明，在一段时间的无活动（通常由于监禁）后，DFC 中的再犯罪发生率可能令人担忧，尤其是在大城市。
