Effect of proteasome inhibitors with different chemical structures on the ubiquitin-proteasome system in vitro.

Proteasome inhibitor therapeutics (PITs) have the potential to cause peripheral neuropathy. In a mouse model of PIT-induced peripheral neuropathy, the authors demonstrated that ubiquitin-positive multifocal protein aggregates with nuclear displacement appear in dorsal root ganglion cells of animals that subsequently develop nerve injuries. This peripheral-nerve effect in nonclinical models has generally been recognized as the correlate of grade 3 neuropathy in clinical testing. In differentiated PC12 cells, the authors demonstrated perturbations correlative with the development of neuropathy in vivo, including ubiquitinated protein aggregate (UPA) formation and/or nuclear displacement associated with the degree of proteasome inhibition. They compared 7 proteasome inhibitors of 3 chemical scaffolds (peptide boronate, peptide epoxyketone, and lactacystin analog) to determine if PIT-induced peripheral neuropathy is modulated by inhibition of the proteasome (ie, a mechanism-based effect) or due to effects independent of proteasome inhibition (ie, an off target or chemical-structure-based effect). The appearance of UPAs was assayed at IC(90) +/- 5% (90% inhibition concentration +/- 5%) for 20S proteasome inhibition. Results show that each of the investigated proteasome inhibitors induced identical proteasome-inhibitor-specific ubiquitin-positive immunostaining and nuclear displacement in PC12 cells. Other agents--such as paclitaxel, cisplatin, and thalidomide, which cause neuropathy by other mechanisms--did not cause UPAs or nuclear displacement, demonstrating that the effect was specific to proteasome inhibitors. In conclusion, PIT-induced neuronal cell UPA formation and nuclear displacement are mechanism based and independent of the proteasome inhibitor scaffold. These data indicate that attempts to modulate the neuropathy associated with PIT may not benefit from changing scaffolds.