A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among the primitive Bharia tribe of Madhya Pradesh, India. Virtually the entire community in Patalkot valley of Chhindwara District was covered. Individuals aged > or =15 years were questioned about chest symptoms relating to TB. Sputum samples were collected and examined by smear microscopy and culture. The overall prevalence of pulmonary TB was found to be 432 per 100 000 population-not dissimilar to that seen in the wider population in India. There is, however, an urgent need to strengthen TB services in the area to improve access for this group.