The University of Texas at Dallas, Callier Center for Communication Disorders, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2010 Feb;53(1):2-17. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/0163).
Attaining speech accuracy requires that children perceive and attach meanings to vocal output on the basis of production system capacities. Because auditory perception underlies speech accuracy, profiles for children with hearing loss (HL) differ from those of children with normal hearing (NH).
To understand the impact of auditory history on emergence of speech capacities, the authors compared consonant-vowel (CV) syllable accuracy in early words in 4 NH children and 4 children with HL who received cochlear implantation (CI) before age 2 years. Participants were video-recorded monthly for 6 months following word onset. CV vocalizations were coded perceptually with broad phonetic transcription. Observed-to-expected ratios of CV productions and accuracy were tested with chi-square analysis. An ordered multinomial model tested level of accuracy, including both accuracy and error patterns.
Most frequently produced sequences were most accurately produced across group and time. NH children were more accurate overall than children with CI. Both groups improved accuracy over time by decreasing partially accurate productions (accurate consonant-inaccurate vowel). Both groups favored CV patterns with compatible place of articulation between consonant and vowel in absolute frequency and level of accuracy.
Differences in emergence of CV syllable accuracy arise from differences in auditory perception between the NH and CI groups.
要达到言语准确性，儿童必须在其发音系统能力的基础上感知和赋予言语输出意义。由于听觉感知是言语准确性的基础，因此听力损失（HL）儿童和正常听力（NH）儿童的表现模式不同。
为了了解听觉史对言语能力发展的影响，作者比较了 4 名 NH 儿童和 4 名在 2 岁前接受人工耳蜗植入（CI）的 HL 儿童在早期单词中的元音-辅音（CV）音节准确性。参与者在单词出现后每月记录视频，共 6 个月。使用广泛的音标对 CV 发声进行感知编码。使用卡方分析检验 CV 发音的观察到的与预期比值和准确性。有序多项模型检验准确性水平，包括准确性和错误模式。
最常产生的序列在组间和时间上的表现最为准确。NH 儿童的整体准确性高于 CI 儿童。两组儿童随着时间的推移都提高了准确性，减少了部分准确的发音（准确的辅音-不准确的元音）。两组都更喜欢在绝对频率和准确性水平上辅音和元音之间具有兼容发音部位的 CV 模式。
CV 音节准确性的出现差异源于 NH 和 CI 组之间听觉感知的差异。
