DNA vaccines against cancer come of age.

Genetic technology allows construction of DNA vaccines encoding selected tumor antigens together with molecules to direct and amplify the desired effector pathways. Their enormous promise has been marred by a problem of scaling up to human subjects. This is now largely overcome by electroporation, which increases both antigen expression and the inflammatory milieu. While the principles of vaccine design can be developed in mouse models, the real operative test is in the clinic, using patients in temporary remission. Monitoring of induced immunity, although commonly limited to blood, is providing objective qualitative and quantitative data on T-cell and antibody responses. Prolongation of remission is the goal and an activated immune system should achieve this.