Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland.
Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010 Apr;6(4):224-35. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2010.16. Epub 2010 Feb 23.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a key role in innate immunity. These receptors recognize both pathogen-associated molecular patterns and molecules that are released from damaged tissue. TLRs mediate signal transduction pathways through the activation of transcription factors that regulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and are required for the development of adaptive immune responses. TLRs might have an important role in the pathogenesis of renal diseases: their exaggerated activation is associated with ischemic kidney damage, acute kidney injury, end-stage renal failure, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, acute renal transplant rejection and delayed allograft function. As the results of previous studies concerning the role of TLRs in renal diseases are conflicting, further work is needed to determine the exact role of these receptors and to evaluate strategies to prevent TLR-mediated local inflammation. This Review discusses the evidence supporting a role for TLRs in contrasting bacterial infections and in causing or aggravating renal conditions when TLR activation leads to a harmful inflammatory response.
Toll 样受体（TLRs）在先天免疫中发挥着关键作用。这些受体可以识别病原体相关分子模式和来自受损组织释放的分子。TLRs 通过激活转录因子来介导信号转导途径，这些转录因子调节促炎细胞因子和趋化因子的表达，是适应性免疫反应发展所必需的。TLRs 在肾脏疾病的发病机制中可能具有重要作用：它们的过度激活与缺血性肾损伤、急性肾损伤、终末期肾衰竭、急性肾小管间质性肾炎、急性肾移植排斥和延迟移植物功能有关。由于之前关于 TLR 在肾脏疾病中的作用的研究结果存在冲突，因此需要进一步的工作来确定这些受体的确切作用，并评估预防 TLR 介导的局部炎症的策略。这篇综述讨论了支持 TLR 在对抗细菌感染和在 TLR 激活导致有害炎症反应时导致或加重肾脏疾病方面发挥作用的证据。
