Electrophysiologic evaluation of sinus node dysfunction in postoperative children and young adults utilizing combined autonomic blockade.

Sinus node dysfunction is a recognized problem following surgery for congenital heart disease. Seven postoperative patients with sinus node dysfunction (5 Mustard, 1 tetralogy of Fallot, 1 Fontan) underwent electrophysiology study of sinus node function during combined autonomic blockade (CAB) utilizing propranolol 0.2 mg/kg i.v. and atropine 0.04 mg/kg i.v. to evaluate intrinsic sinus node function isolated from autonomic control. During CAB, intrinsic heart rate, intrinsic corrected sinus node recovery time, and intrinsic sinoatrial recovery time were measured. These results were compared with age-matched normal intrinsic data from our lab [normal (n = 7, mean age 9 years) IHR 128 +/- 24, intrinsic corrected sinus node recovery time 135 +/- 40 ms, intrinsic sinoatrial conduction time 86 +/- 19 ms]. Among postoperative Mustard patients (n = 5, mean age 13 years, mean years postoperative 11) 2 of 5 had clearly abnormal intrinsic sinus node function with nonsinus rhythm during CAB; 3 of 5 had sinus rhythm during CAB with normal or mildly abnormal intrinsic sinus node function. The postoperative case of tetralogy of Fallot (age 20 years, postoperative 14 years) had mildly abnormal intrinsic sinus node electrophysiology study. The postoperative case of Fontan (age 16 years, postoperative 1.5 years) had sinus rhythm at rest but left atrial rhythm during CAB. Different aspects of sinus node dysfunction may be expressed during resting electrophysiology study vs. electrophysiology study utilizing CAB. The pathophysiology of sinus node dysfunction among postoperative pediatric patients is not homogeneous with regard to the contribution of intrinsic sinus node dysfunction. In those patients with normal or mildly abnormal intrinsic sinus node function, an important pathophysiologic influence of the autonomic nervous system is implicated.