CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
Persoonia. 2009 Jun;22:14-27. doi: 10.3767/003158509X418925. Epub 2009 Feb 10.
Byssochlamys and related Paecilomyces strains are often heat resistant and may produce mycotoxins in contaminated pasteurised foodstuffs. A comparative study of all Byssochlamys species was carried out using a polyphasic approach to find characters that differentiate species and to establish accurate data on potential mycotoxin production by each species. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region, parts of the beta-tubulin and calmodulin genes, macro- and micromorphological examinations and analysis of extrolite profiles were applied. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the genus Byssochlamys includes nine species, five of which form a teleomorph, i.e. B. fulva, B. lagunculariae, B. nivea, B. spectabilis and B. zollerniae, while four are asexual, namely P. brunneolus, P. divaricatus, P. formosus and P. saturatus. Among these, B. nivea produces the mycotoxins patulin and byssochlamic acid and the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid. Byssochlamys lagunculariae produces byssochlamic acid and mycophenolic acid and thus chemically resembles B. nivea. Some strains of P. saturatus produce patulin and brefeldin A, while B. spectabilis (anamorph P. variotii s.s.) produces viriditoxin. Some micro- and macromorphological characters are valuable for identification purposes, including the shape and size of conidia and ascospores, presence and ornamentation of chlamydospores, growth rates on MEA and CYA and acid production on CREA. A dichotomous key is provided for species identification based on phenotypical characters.
毕赤酵母和相关的拟青霉属菌株通常具有耐热性，并可能在受污染的巴氏杀菌食品中产生真菌毒素。采用多相方法对所有毕赤酵母物种进行了比较研究，以寻找区分物种的特征，并建立每种物种潜在产真菌毒素的确切数据。应用了 ITS 区、β-微管蛋白和钙调蛋白基因部分、宏观和微观形态学检查以及外泌代谢产物图谱分析。系统发育分析表明，毕赤酵母属包括 9 个种，其中 5 个形成有性型，即 B. fulva、B. lagunculariae、B. nivea、B. spectabilis 和 B. zollerniae，而另外 4 个是无性型，即 P. brunneolus、P. divaricatus、P. formosus 和 P. saturatus。在这些物种中，B. nivea 产生真菌毒素棒曲霉素和毕赤霉素以及免疫抑制剂麦角酚酸。B. lagunculariae 产生毕赤霉素和麦角酚酸，因此在化学上与 B. nivea 相似。一些 P. saturatus 菌株产生棒曲霉素和布雷菲德菌素 A，而 B. spectabilis（无性型 P. variotii s.s.）产生绿毒素。一些微观和宏观形态特征对于鉴定目的很有价值，包括分生孢子和子囊孢子的形状和大小、厚垣孢子的存在和装饰、MEA 和 CYA 上的生长速率以及 CREA 上的产酸。基于表型特征，提供了一个用于物种鉴定的二叉树检索表。
