Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
Amino Acids. 2010 Nov;39(5):1087-105. doi: 10.1007/s00726-010-0530-6. Epub 2010 Mar 5.
Eukaryotic genomic DNA is orderly compacted to fit into the nucleus and to inhibit accessibility of specific sequences. DNA is manipulated in many different ways by bound RNA and proteins within the composite material known as chromatin. All of the biological processes that require access to genomic DNA (such as replication, recombination and transcription) therefore are dependent on the precise characteristics of chromatin in eukaryotes. This distinction underlies a fundamental property of eukaryotic versus prokaryotic gene regulation such that chromatin structure must be regulated to precisely repress or relieve repression of particular regions of the genome in an appropriate spatio-temporal manner. As well as playing a key role in structuring genomic DNA, histones are subject to site-specific modifications that can influence the organization of chromatin structure. This review examines the molecular processes regulating site-specific histone acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation with an emphasis on how these processes underpin differentiation-regulated transcription.
真核生物基因组 DNA 有序地压缩以适应细胞核，并抑制特定序列的可及性。在复合物质即染色质中，结合的 RNA 和蛋白质以许多不同的方式对 DNA 进行操作。所有需要访问基因组 DNA 的生物过程（例如复制、重组和转录）都因此依赖于真核生物中染色质的精确特征。这种区别是真核生物与原核生物基因调控的一个基本属性，即必须调节染色质结构，以在适当的时空方式精确抑制或解除基因组特定区域的抑制。组蛋白不仅在构建基因组 DNA 方面发挥着关键作用，还受到可影响染色质结构组织的特定部位修饰的影响。本综述检查了调节特定部位组蛋白乙酰化、甲基化和磷酸化的分子过程，重点介绍了这些过程如何为分化调节的转录提供支撑。
