Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Apr 1;44(7):2426-32. doi: 10.1021/es903221p.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the attachment of phiX174, MS2, and Aichi viruses on sands of different surface properties: oxide-removed (clean), goethite-coated, and aluminum oxide-coated. Interaction forces between viruses and sand surfaces were measured by contact mode AFM using tips coated with particles of each virus. Column experiments were conducted to quantify the macroscopic transport and retention of the viruses in sand. The average adhesion force measured with AFM was highest between aluminum oxide-coated sand and all three viruses, followed by goethite-coated sand, and was significantly lower on oxide-removed sand. Among the viruses, adhesion on goethite-coated and aluminum oxide-coated sands followed the order of MS2 > Aichi > phiX174, and on oxide-removed sand it was phiX174 > Aichi > MS2. Column breakthrough results revealed the same retention trend, which was completely consistent with AFM force measurements. Strong electrostatic attraction and, to a lesser extent, hydrophobic interactions are responsible for the much greater removal of all three viruses observed in the oxide-coated sands compared to the oxide-removed sand. Mass recovery data indicate that the removal of phiX174, MS2, and Aichi was largely reversible when eluted with 3% beef extract solution at pH 9.5. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) and extended DLVO theories provided correct qualitative predictions on the deposition trend observed in the experiments. This study, to the best of our knowledge, was the first to employ AFM to directly measure interaction forces between viruses and solid surfaces; and it was the first to evaluate the retention and transport behavior of Aichi virus, a human pathogen.
原子力显微镜（AFM）被用于研究 phiX174、MS2 和 Aichi 病毒在具有不同表面性质的沙粒上的附着情况：氧化物去除（清洁）、针铁矿涂层和氧化铝涂层。使用涂覆有每种病毒颗粒的针尖以接触模式通过 AFM 测量病毒与沙粒表面之间的相互作用力。进行柱实验以量化病毒在沙中的宏观输运和保留。AFM 测量的平均粘附力在氧化铝涂层沙粒和所有三种病毒之间最高，其次是针铁矿涂层沙粒，在氧化物去除沙粒上的粘附力显著降低。在病毒中，在针铁矿涂层和氧化铝涂层沙粒上的粘附顺序为 MS2 > Aichi > phiX174，在氧化物去除沙粒上的顺序为 phiX174 > Aichi > MS2。柱突破结果揭示了相同的保留趋势，这与 AFM 力测量完全一致。静电引力很强，其次是疏水力，这导致与氧化物去除沙粒相比，在氧化物涂层沙粒中观察到三种病毒的去除率大大增加。质量回收数据表明，当用 pH 值为 9.5 的 3%牛肉提取物溶液洗脱时，phiX174、MS2 和 Aichi 的去除基本是可逆的。德加古因-兰德劳-韦尔拜克（DLVO）和扩展的 DLVO 理论对实验中观察到的沉积趋势提供了正确的定性预测。据我们所知，这项研究首次使用 AFM 直接测量病毒与固体表面之间的相互作用力；并且首次评估了 Aichi 病毒（一种人类病原体）的保留和输运行为。
