Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Rome, Italy.
Cell Cycle. 2010 Apr 1;9(7):1270-5. doi: 10.4161/cc.9.7.11125.
Oncosuppressor p53 is often inactivated by either mutations or deregulation of regulatory proteins. These include the homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) that, by phosphorylating p53 at Ser46 modulates p53 response to DNA damage by inducing pro-apoptotic transcription. There is compelling evidence that HIPK2 is also involved in the response to hypoxia by acting as co-suppressor of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a major factor in cancer progression that activates the transcription of genes involved in angiogenesis, glucose metabolism and invasion. Hence conditions that induce HIPK2 deregulation would end up in a multifactorial response leading to tumor chemoresistance by affecting p53 activity on one hand and to angiogenesis and cell proliferation by affecting HIF-1 activity on the other hand. For these reasons, HIPK2 protein is a promising target for anti-cancer therapies. HIPK2 can be inhibited by hypoxia. In this respect, we have recently shown that hypoxia-driven HIPK2 downregulation is not irreversible. We found that, zinc supplementation reactivates the hypoxia-inhibited HIPK2, leading to repression of the HIF-1 pathway and restoration of p53Ser46 apoptotic activity. Here, we discuss about these findings and the potential relevance of zinc supplementation to chemotherapy in cancer treatment. The results will be also discussed in light of recent findings showing that cancer treatment with antiangiogenic agents may result in hypoxia and selection of cancer cells with increased tumor aggressiveness and metastasis.
抑癌基因 p53 通常因突变或调节蛋白失调而失活。这些调节蛋白包括同源结构域相互作用蛋白激酶 2(HIPK2),它通过磷酸化 p53 的丝氨酸 46 位来调节 p53 对 DNA 损伤的反应,从而诱导促凋亡转录。有强有力的证据表明,HIPK2 还参与缺氧反应,作为缺氧诱导因子 1α(HIF-1α)的共抑制因子发挥作用,HIF-1α 是癌症进展的主要因素,可激活参与血管生成、葡萄糖代谢和侵袭的基因转录。因此,诱导 HIPK2 失调的条件最终会导致多因素反应,一方面通过影响 p53 活性导致肿瘤化疗耐药,另一方面通过影响 HIF-1 活性导致血管生成和细胞增殖。出于这些原因,HIPK2 蛋白是癌症治疗的一个有前途的靶点。HIPK2 可被缺氧抑制。在这方面,我们最近表明,缺氧驱动的 HIPK2 下调不是不可逆的。我们发现,锌补充可使受缺氧抑制的 HIPK2 重新激活,从而抑制 HIF-1 通路并恢复 p53Ser46 的凋亡活性。在这里,我们将讨论这些发现以及锌补充在癌症治疗中对化疗的潜在意义。结果还将根据最近的发现进行讨论,这些发现表明,使用抗血管生成药物治疗癌症可能导致缺氧,并选择具有更高肿瘤侵袭性和转移能力的癌症细胞。