[History of esophagoscopy].

Since the middle of the 19th century very many experts have endeavoured to develop the oesophagoscopy following two different principles of oesophagus examination. Some tried to transfer the technique of indirect laryngoscopy on the oesophagus by using a larynx speculum. In order to achieve an insight into the oesophagus they separated its closed upper end by means of special retracting instruments. Various instruments were developed for this purpose (by Voltolini, Semeleder, Stoerk, Bevan, Waldenburg, Mackenzie) which however not proved to be effective. Mostly angled or jointed tubes came into use which were stretched after insertion. More successful were those applying simple straight tubes. Except for Stoerk it was Kussmaul who had a sword-swallower swallow a tube instead of a sword. Today flexible fiberglass endoscopes are used as well as rigid tubes.