Galanthamine production by Leucojum aestivum cultures in vitro.

The results described in these studies proved that the successful in vitro bioproduction of galanthamine from L. aestivum shoot-clumps required mainly the selection of in vitro clones with a genetically determined high ability to produce the desired alkaloids, although the expression of this ability could be additionally influenced by diverse exterior factors, such as some components of the nutrient medium, or the cultivation conditions of the ambience. Tissue differentiation was also of great importance for the biosynthetic capacity of the cultures. The most suitable inocula for in vitro biosynthesis of galanthamine in liquid medium were the directly regenerated shoot-clumps, ensuring high alkaloid concentrations between 1 and 2 mg/g DW for the selected clones. We observed astonishing clone-specific dynamics of the biosynthetic activity of all of the studied in vitro clones. The dynamics were obviously related to the strong biological clock of the species, persisting even in several-year old cultures. These dynamics did not coincide with those usual for the plants growing in situ and under controlled field conditions. In our opinion, the clone specificity of the biosynthetic dynamics could be due to the disturbance of the plant regulation mechanism under the equal conditions of the ambience in the culture room. The sharp decrease of the alkaloid concentrations were transient, followed by an increase, so that cultures were retaining their biosynthetic capacity. The biosynthesis of the main alkaloids, galanthamine and lycorine, was influenced by diverse stimulants such as substances causing stress (JA), feeding with alkaloid precursors (the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, and CH), and physical treatment (acoustic waves). However, the course of the biosynthetic dynamics during the period of the treatments was always the most important factor for the success of secondary metabolism stimulation. As far as scaling-up of the in vitro biosynthesis of valuable compounds, a stable and predictable yield is required, and additional investigations aimed at the annulment of the effect plant biological clock on alkaloid biosynthesis are needed. The elucidation of the relative influences of the diverse factors modulating alkaloid biosynthesis was of great importance. The high galanthamine concentrations of the selected in vitro clones are a promising basis for future studies.