Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8284, USA.
Adv Mater. 2010 Jul 20;22(26-27):2838-53. doi: 10.1002/adma.200903909.
Materials properties are ultimately determined by the nature of the interactions between the atoms that form the material. On surfaces, the site-specific spatial distribution of force and energy fields governs the phenomena encountered. This article reviews recent progress in the development of a measurement mode called three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (3D-AFM) that allows the dense, three-dimensional mapping of these surface fields with atomic resolution. Based on noncontact atomic force microscopy, 3D-AFM is able to provide more detailed information on surface properties than ever before, thanks to the simultaneous multi-channel acquisition of complementary spatial data such as local energy dissipation and tunneling currents. By illustrating the results of experiments performed on graphite and pentacene, we explain how 3D-AFM data acquisition works, what challenges have to be addressed in its realization, and what type of data can be extracted from the experiments. Finally, a multitude of potential applications are discussed, with special emphasis on chemical imaging, heterogeneous catalysis, and nanotribology.
材料的性质最终取决于构成材料的原子之间相互作用的性质。在表面上，力和能量场的特定位置的空间分布控制着所遇到的现象。本文综述了最近在开发一种称为三维原子力显微镜（3D-AFM）的测量模式方面的进展，该模式允许以原子分辨率对这些表面场进行密集的三维映射。基于非接触原子力显微镜，3D-AFM 能够提供比以往任何时候都更详细的表面性质信息，这要归功于同时多通道采集互补的空间数据，例如局部能量耗散和隧道电流。通过说明在石墨和并五苯上进行的实验结果，我们解释了 3D-AFM 数据采集的工作原理、在实现过程中必须解决的挑战以及可以从实验中提取的数据类型。最后，讨论了多种潜在的应用，特别强调了化学成像、多相催化和纳米摩擦学。
