Meier J, Stocker K
Biological Department, Pentapharm Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 1991;21(3):171-82. doi: 10.3109/10408449109089878.
Proteins found in venoms, especially of the Viperidae snake family, exert, often with a narrow specificity, activating, inactivating, or other converting effects on different components of the hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems, respectively. Some purified snake venom proteins have become valuable tools in basic research and in diagnostic procedures in hemostaseology. "Procoagulant" as well as "anticoagulant" venom components have been identified in in vitro test systems. "Procoagulant" snake venom components may cause in vivo, upon massive application as in the case of snake-bite of small prey animals, intravascular coagulation leading to circulatory arrest and rapid death. Smaller doses of procoagulant venom components applied to large organisms as in the case of snake-bite accidents in humans, may cause a consumption coagulopathy with localized or generalized bleeding. Highly purified, specific fibrinogen coagulant venom proteinases are used in human medicine to produce therapeutic defibrinogenation. These practically nontoxic venom enzymes may act synergistically with other components aggravating their toxic effects.
毒液中的蛋白质，尤其是蝰蛇科蛇类的毒液，通常具有狭窄的特异性，分别对止血和纤维蛋白溶解系统的不同成分发挥激活、失活或其他转化作用。一些纯化的蛇毒蛋白已成为基础研究和止血学诊断程序中的重要工具。在体外测试系统中已鉴定出“促凝血”和“抗凝血”毒液成分。“促凝血”蛇毒成分在大量应用时，如小型猎物动物被蛇咬的情况，可能在体内导致血管内凝血，进而引起循环骤停和迅速死亡。在人类蛇咬事故中，将较小剂量的促凝血毒液成分应用于大型生物体时，可能会导致消耗性凝血病，并伴有局部或全身性出血。高度纯化的特异性纤维蛋白原促凝血毒液蛋白酶被用于人类医学中，以产生治疗性去纤维蛋白作用。这些实际无毒的毒液酶可能与其他成分协同作用，加剧其毒性作用。
