College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
J Hazard Mater. 2010 Jul 15;179(1-3):895-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.089. Epub 2010 Mar 25.
This field study evaluated the effectiveness of three best management practices (BMPs) in reducing the weathering of Pb-bullets in a shooting range. The BMPs included replacing soil berm with sand berm, liming sand berm, and removing Pb-bullets from soil berm. Berm samples were collected before and after implementing BMPs and analyzed for total Pb and/or water-soluble Pb. After 11 months of operation, the total Pb concentrations in the sand berm (57 mg kg(-1)) were significantly lower than that in the soil berm (277 mg kg(-1)). The reduced weathering of Pb-bullets in the sand berm was attributed to its lower moisture content and organic matter as both water and CO(2) are critical in chemical weathering. Though liming reduced total Pb concentrations in the sand berm from 497-777 to 302-362 mg kg(-1) after 15 months of application, it increased water-soluble Pb in some cases. While removal of Pb-bullets removed the sources of Pb, X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that its abrasive action transferred metallic Pb to the soil fraction (<2 mm), with total Pb in soil berm increasing from 4,694 to 11,479 mg kg(-1). While all BMPs can be applied to mange Pb in shooting ranges, cautions need to be excised to minimize the adverse impacts.
本野外研究评估了三种最佳管理措施（BMPs）在减少射击场铅弹风化方面的有效性。这些 BMPs 包括用沙堤代替土壤堤、对沙堤进行石灰处理，以及从土壤堤中清除铅弹。在实施 BMPs 前后采集了堤岸样本，并对总铅和/或水溶性铅进行了分析。在运行 11 个月后，沙堤中的总铅浓度（57 毫克/千克）明显低于土壤堤中的浓度（277 毫克/千克）。沙堤中铅弹风化程度降低归因于其较低的水分含量和有机质，因为水和 CO2 都是化学风化的关键因素。尽管石灰处理在 15 个月后将沙堤中的总铅浓度从 497-777 毫克/千克降低到 302-362 毫克/千克，但在某些情况下增加了水溶性铅。虽然清除铅弹消除了铅的来源，但 X 射线衍射分析表明，其研磨作用将金属铅转移到土壤颗粒（<2 毫米）中，土壤堤中的总铅含量从 4694 毫克/千克增加到 11479 毫克/千克。虽然所有 BMPs 都可以应用于管理射击场中的铅，但需要谨慎操作，以最小化不利影响。
