"Will a Cuscus bite you, if he shows his teeth?" Inducing a fear-related confirmation bias in children by providing verbal threat information to their mothers.

Confirmation bias refers to the inclination to selectively search for information that confirms the view that one holds. Research has shown that fearful individuals mainly seek information that confirms dangerousness of the dreaded stimulus or situation (i.e., verification), whereas they have less an eye for information that invalidates threat (i.e., falsification). It has been demonstrated that fear-related reasoning biases also occur in children, but little is known about where these biases originate from. The present study examined the role of mothers in the development of a fear-related confirmation bias in children. More precisely, it was tested whether mothers install such a reasoning bias in their children via verbal threat information. For this purpose, mothers of 52 children aged 9-12 years were provided with either threatening or positive information about a novel animal and then instructed to describe the animal to their child on the basis of a number of open-ended vignettes. Results indicated that mothers who received threat information about the novel animal displayed a fear-related confirmation bias: that is, they relied less on a falsification strategy than mothers who had heard the positive information. Most importantly, mothers passed the bias on to their children. More precisely, after the vignettes task, children of mothers who had received threat information also sought less information to invalidate the dangerousness of the animal than children of mothers who had received positive information.