Neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury, associated with local neuroinflammation in the spinal cord, is a severe incapacitating condition with which clinical treatment remains challenging. Inflammatory molecules signal through various intracellular transduction pathways, activation of which may amplify and cause spreading of the inflammatory response. We showed recently that spinal nerve lesion leads to rapid activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal transduction pathway in dorsal spinal cord microglia in relation with enhanced levels of spinal interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein. Here, we selectively inactivated JAK/STAT3 signaling in rat dorsal spinal cord glia through local, lentiviral-mediated production of the suppressor of cytokine signaling SOCS3, a physiologic inhibitory protein of JAK/STAT3, and analyzed its consequences in a preclinical model of neuropathic pain. The targeted blockade of JAK/STAT3 activity prevented the abnormal expression of IL-6, CC chemokine ligand CCL2, and activating transcription factor ATF3 induced in the spinal cord by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) and substantially attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia) in rats. In naive rats, intrathecal administration of a proalgesic cytokine IL-6 rapidly activated microglial JAK/STAT3 and induced downstream changes closely resembling CCI-evoked alterations. We identified downstream mechanisms through which JAK/STAT3 pathway activation leads to the spreading of neuroinflammation. Our findings reveal that JAK/STAT3 signaling plays a major role in spinal cord plasticity and mechanical allodynia associated with peripheral nerve injury.