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J Dairy Sci. 2010 May;93(5):2280-6. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2907.
Capturing urine and spreading it evenly across a paddock reduces the risk of nitrogen loss to the environment. This study investigated the effect of 16h/d removal from pasture on the capture of urination events, milk production, pasture intake, and animal welfare from cows grazing fresh pasture in early and late lactation. Forty-eight Holstein-Friesian cows in early [470+/-47kg of body weight (BW); 35+/-9 days in milk] and late (498+/-43kg of BW; 225+/-23 days in milk) lactation were allocated to 3 treatment groups. Cows had access to pasture for either 4h after each milking (2 x 4), for 8h between morning and afternoon milkings (1 x 8), or for 24h, excluding milking times (control). When not grazing, the 2 x 4 and 1 x 8 groups were confined to a plastic-lined loafing area with a woodchip surface. In early lactation, the proportion of urinations on pasture and laneways was reduced from 89% (control) to 51% (1 x 8) and 54% (2 x 4) of total urinations. The 1 x 8 cows ate less pasture [10.9kg of dry matter (DM)/cow per day] than the control (13.6kg of DM/cow per day) and 2 x 4 (13.0kg of DM/cow per day) cows, which did not differ from each other. The 1 x 8 and 2 x 4 cows produced less milk (21 and 22kg of milk/cow per day, respectively) compared with control cows (24kg of milk/cow per day). There were no differences in BW or body condition score (BCS) change across treatment groups, with all groups gaining BW and BCS during the experimental period. In late lactation, there was no difference in pasture intake (mean=8.8kg of DM/cow per day), milk production (mean=10kg of milk/cow per day), and BW or BCS change (mean=3.7kg and -0.2U/cow per week, respectively) between treatment groups. As in early lactation, urinations on pasture and laneways were reduced from 85% (control) to 56% (1 x 8) and 50% (2 x 4) of total urinations. These findings highlight an opportunity to maintain performance and welfare of grazing cows in early and late lactation while capturing additional urine. This can subsequently be spread evenly across pasture to minimize nitrogen loss to the environment.
收集尿液并均匀散布在牧场上可以减少氮素向环境中的流失。本研究调查了在早期和晚期泌乳期间，将奶牛从牧场上移走 16 小时/天对排尿事件、牛奶产量、牧场摄入量和动物福利的影响。48 头荷斯坦-弗里森奶牛分为 3 个处理组：早期（470+/-47kg 体重；35+/-9 天泌乳）和晚期（498+/-43kg 体重；225+/-23 天泌乳）。奶牛在每次挤奶后有 4 小时（2 x 4）、上午和下午之间有 8 小时（1 x 8）或 24 小时（控制）的时间可以接触牧场。当不放牧时，2 x 4 和 1 x 8 组被限制在一个带有木屑表面的塑料衬里的休息区。在早期泌乳期间，牧场和车道上的排尿比例从 89%（对照）减少到 51%（1 x 8）和 54%（2 x 4）的总排尿量。1 x 8 奶牛的牧场干物质摄入量（DM）比对照组（13.6kg DM/奶牛/天）和 2 x 4（13.0kg DM/奶牛/天）少，这两组之间没有差异。1 x 8 和 2 x 4 奶牛的牛奶产量（分别为 21 和 22kg/奶牛/天）低于对照组（24kg/奶牛/天）。在处理组之间，体重或体况评分（BCS）变化没有差异，所有组在实验期间体重和 BCS 均有所增加。在晚期泌乳期间，牧场干物质摄入量（平均=8.8kg DM/奶牛/天）、牛奶产量（平均=10kg 牛奶/奶牛/天）、体重或 BCS 变化（平均=3.7kg 和-0.2U/奶牛/周，分别）在处理组之间没有差异。与早期泌乳一样，牧场和车道上的排尿量从 85%（对照）减少到 56%（1 x 8）和 50%（2 x 4）的总排尿量。这些发现强调了一种机会，可以在维持早期和晚期泌乳期间放牧奶牛的性能和福利的同时，捕捉额外的尿液。随后可以将尿液均匀散布在牧场上，以最大限度地减少氮素向环境中的流失。
