Sullivan E V, Sagar H J
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
Brain. 1991 Apr;114 ( Pt 2):893-906. doi: 10.1093/brain/114.2.893.
The traditional concept of memory disorder is deficiency of the long-term (LTM) but not short-term (STM) component of memory. STM impairment with LTM sparing is seldom reported. The present study investigated STM and LTM for nonverbal material in three neurological conditions associated with memory impairment: bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions (patient H.M.), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Subjects received 3 tests of nonverbal memory: forward block span, immediate and delayed recall of the Wechsler Memory Scale drawings, and immediate and delayed recognition of abstract designs. Compared with the normal control group, the patient groups displayed different patterns of sparing and loss of the two components of memory: in PD, only STM was impaired; in medial temporal lobe amnesia, only LTM was impaired; and in AD, STM and LTM were both impaired. The contrasting patterns of sparing and loss of STM and LTM in PD and global amnesia were present for both recognition and recall. These results provide evidence that STM and LTM are dissociable processes and are served by separate neurological systems: STM depends upon intact corticostriatal systems, whereas LTM depends upon intact medial temporal lobe systems.
传统的记忆障碍概念是长期记忆（LTM）而非短期记忆（STM）存在缺陷。很少有关于短期记忆受损而长期记忆保留的报道。本研究调查了与记忆障碍相关的三种神经疾病中非言语材料的短期记忆和长期记忆：双侧内侧颞叶病变（患者H.M.）、帕金森病（PD）和阿尔茨海默病（AD）。受试者接受了三项非言语记忆测试：前向块跨度、韦氏记忆量表图形的即时和延迟回忆，以及抽象图案的即时和延迟识别。与正常对照组相比，患者组在记忆的两个组成部分的保留和丧失方面表现出不同的模式：在帕金森病中，只有短期记忆受损；在内侧颞叶失忆症中，只有长期记忆受损；而在阿尔茨海默病中，短期记忆和长期记忆均受损。帕金森病和全面性失忆症在识别和回忆方面均呈现出短期记忆和长期记忆保留与丧失的对比模式。这些结果提供了证据，表明短期记忆和长期记忆是可分离的过程，由不同的神经系统提供支持：短期记忆依赖于完整的皮质纹状体系统，而长期记忆依赖于完整的内侧颞叶系统。
