School of Psychology, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Aug;34(8):1386-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01222.x. Epub 2010 May 28.
Recent work suggests that 2 biologically based traits convey risk for alcohol misuse: reward sensitivity/drive and (rash) impulsiveness. However, the cognitive mechanisms through which these traits convey risk are unclear. This study tested a model predicting that the risk conveyed by reward sensitivity is mediated by a learning bias for the reinforcing outcomes of alcohol consumption (i.e., positive alcohol expectancy). The model also proposed that the risk conveyed by rash impulsiveness (RI) is mediated by drinkers' perceived ability to resist alcohol (i.e., drinking refusal self-efficacy).
Study 1 tested the model in a sample of young adults (n = 342). Study 2 tested the model in a sample of treatment-seeking substance abusers (n = 121). All participants completed a battery of personality, cognitive, and alcohol use questionnaires and models were tested using structural equation modeling.
In both studies, the hypothesized model was found to provide a good fit to the data, and a better fit than alternative models. In both young adults and treatment-seeking individuals, positive alcohol expectancy fully mediated the association between reward sensitivity and hazardous alcohol use. For treatment seekers, drinking refusal self-efficacy fully mediated the association between RI and hazardous drinking. However, there was partial mediation in the young adult sample. Furthermore, neither trait was directly associated with the other cognitive mediator.
The hypothesized model was confirmed on a large sample of young adults and replicated on a sample of treatment-seeking substance abusers. Taken together, these findings shed further light on the mechanisms through which an impulsive temperament may convey risk for alcohol misuse.
最近的研究表明，有两种基于生物学的特征与酒精滥用风险相关：奖励敏感性/驱动力和（鲁莽）冲动性。然而，这些特征传递风险的认知机制尚不清楚。本研究测试了一个模型，该模型预测奖励敏感性所传递的风险是通过对酒精消费的强化结果（即积极的酒精预期）的学习偏差来介导的。该模型还提出，鲁莽冲动（RI）所传递的风险是通过饮酒者对抵抗酒精的感知能力（即饮酒拒绝自我效能）来介导的。
研究 1 在一组年轻成年人（n=342）中测试了该模型。研究 2 在一组寻求治疗的物质滥用者（n=121）中测试了该模型。所有参与者都完成了一系列人格、认知和酒精使用问卷，模型使用结构方程建模进行测试。
在两项研究中，假设模型均为数据提供了良好的拟合，并且比替代模型的拟合更好。在年轻成年人和寻求治疗的个体中，积极的酒精预期完全介导了奖励敏感性与危险饮酒之间的关联。对于治疗寻求者，饮酒拒绝自我效能完全介导了鲁莽冲动与危险饮酒之间的关联。然而，在年轻成年人样本中存在部分介导。此外，两种特质都与另一种认知中介没有直接关联。
该假设模型在一组较大的年轻成年人样本中得到了证实，并在一组寻求治疗的物质滥用者样本中得到了复制。这些发现共同阐明了冲动气质可能传递酒精滥用风险的机制。
