Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Science. 2010 Jun 11;328(5984):1408-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1189047.
Humans regulate intergroup conflict through parochial altruism; they self-sacrifice to contribute to in-group welfare and to aggress against competing out-groups. Parochial altruism has distinct survival functions, and the brain may have evolved to sustain and promote in-group cohesion and effectiveness and to ward off threatening out-groups. Here, we have linked oxytocin, a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus, to the regulation of intergroup conflict. In three experiments using double-blind placebo-controlled designs, male participants self-administered oxytocin or placebo and made decisions with financial consequences to themselves, their in-group, and a competing out-group. Results showed that oxytocin drives a "tend and defend" response in that it promoted in-group trust and cooperation, and defensive, but not offensive, aggression toward competing out-groups.
人类通过狭隘利他主义来调节群体间冲突；他们会自我牺牲，为群体利益做贡献，对竞争群体进行攻击。狭隘利他主义具有明显的生存功能，大脑可能已经进化到可以维持和促进群体内的凝聚力和有效性，并抵御有威胁的群体。在这里，我们将神经肽催产素与群体间冲突的调节联系起来。在三项使用双盲安慰剂对照设计的实验中，男性参与者自行给予催产素或安慰剂，并对自己、自己的群体和竞争群体做出有财务后果的决策。结果表明，催产素驱动了一种“照顾和防御”的反应，它促进了群体内的信任和合作，以及对竞争群体的防御性但非攻击性的攻击。
