National Natural History Collections, Berman Building, Edmond J. Safra campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
J Hum Evol. 2011 Apr;60(4):328-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.009. Epub 2010 Jun 11.
The lentic Basommatophora molluscs and hygrophilous land snails of the Early-Middle Pleistocene site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (GBY), 0.78 Ma, crossed by the Matuyama-Brunhes chron boundary [MBB] were studied in order to reconstruct their specific habitats and possible reactions to climate change along the site sequence. Samples of equal sizes from 27 of the 46 layers along the 100 k.yr. time-span of the site were examined. About 2000 specimens of 21 lentic and hygrophilous species belonging to five families: Planorbidae (11), Lymnaeidae (6), Acroloxidae (2), Carychiidae (1) and Succineidae (1) were identified. The family with the largest biodiversity is the Planorbidae and of these, the most abundant species include Gyraulus piscinarum (937), Planorbarius corneus (210) and Radix labiata (160). The recent known zoogeographic origin of 81% of the species is Palaearctic and Holarctic. The MBB coincides with remarkable environmental changes reflected in molluscs, other faunal and floral elements and stable isotopes. The Planorbidae and Lymnaeidae reach greater abundance (90% and 80% of their assemblages, respectively) pre-MBB, while Acroloxidae, Succineidae and Carychiidae are more abundant (74%, 64% and 90%) post-MBB. Our data indicate that GBY molluscs show a two-phase pattern (shallow and deep lake) in each of the five defined cycles. Their numbers increase during the shallow water phases, thus the site climate changes from cold and humid in the oldest layers, to dry and cold up to the MBB and few succeeding layers. Between cycles 2 and 3, post-MBB, we see a short period of warm and humid climate that enables the influx of African and Asian elements. At the same time, cold climate species of Euro-Siberian and Palaearctic origin disappear. The succeeding layers indicate a cooler and humid climate. Finally, the sequence indicates deep water in the oldest layers and desiccation towards MBB and deeper water post-MBB.
为了重建古土壤剖面序列中特定的栖息地，并研究这些生物对气候变化的可能反应，我们对 Gesher Benot Ya'aqov（GBY）早-中更新世遗址（0.78 Ma）的 Lentic Basommatophora 软体动物和喜湿陆生蜗牛以及穿越 Matuyama-Brunhes 时标（MBB）的部分样本进行了研究。对古土壤剖面 100ka 时间跨度内的 46 个地层中的 27 个地层进行了大小相等的样本分析。鉴定出 5 科 21 种 Lentic 和 hygrophilous 物种，约有 2000 个标本，分别属于 Planorbidae（11 种）、Lymnaeidae（6 种）、Acroloxidae（2 种）、Carychiidae（1 种）和 Succineidae（1 种）。科属生物多样性最大的是 Planorbidae，其中最丰富的物种包括 Gyraulus piscinarum（937）、Planorbarius corneus（210）和 Radix labiata（160）。81%的物种已知的现代动物地理起源是古北界和全北界。MBB 与软体动物、其他动物群和植物群以及稳定同位素中反映出的显著环境变化相吻合。在 MBB 之前，Planorbidae 和 Lymnaeidae 的丰度更高（分别为 90%和 80%的组合），而 Acroloxidae、Succineidae 和 Carychiidae 的丰度更高（分别为 74%、64%和 90%）。我们的数据表明，GBY 软体动物在每个定义的五个周期中都表现出两阶段模式（浅湖和深湖）。它们的数量在浅水阶段增加，因此，遗址气候从古层中最冷最湿的气候转变为 MBB 及随后的少数地层中最冷最干的气候。在 MBB 之后的周期 2 和 3 之间，我们看到了一个短暂的温暖和潮湿的气候时期，使非洲和亚洲的元素涌入。与此同时，来自欧亚大陆和古北界的寒冷气候物种消失了。随后的地层显示出较凉爽和潮湿的气候。最后，序列表明最古老的地层是深水，而 MBB 及随后的地层则是干燥和深水。
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