Mosier Arvin R, Syers J Keith, Freney John R
Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Sci China C Life Sci. 2005 Sep;48 Suppl 2:759-66. doi: 10.1007/BF03187116.
Nitrogen (N) availability is a key role in food and fiber production. Providing plant-available N through synthetic fertilizer in the 20th and early 21st century has been a major contributor to the increased production required to feed and clothe the growing human population. To continue to meet the global demands and to minimize environmental problems, significant improvements are needed in the efficiency with which fertilizer N is utilized within production systems. There are still major uncertainties regarding the fate of fertilizer N added to agricultural soils and the potential for reducing losses to the environment. Enhancing the technical and economic efficiency of fertilizer N is seen to promote a favorable situation for both agricultural production and the environment, and this has provided much of the impetus for a new N fertilizer project. To address this important issue, a rapid assessment project on N fertilizer (NFRAP) was conducted by SCOPE (the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment) during late 2003 and early 2004. This was the first formal project of the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI). As part of this assessment, a successful international workshop was held in Kampala, Uganda on 12 -16 January, 2004. This workshop brought together scientists from around the world to assess the fate of synthetic fertilizer N in the context of overall N inputs to agricultural systems, with a view to enhancing the efficiency of N use and reducing negative impacts on the environment. Regionalization of the assessment highlighted the problems of too little N for crop production to meet the nutrient requirements of sub-Saharan Africa and the oversupply of N in the major rice-growing areas of China. The results of the assessment are presented in a book (SCOPE 65) which is now available to provide a basis for further discussions on N fertilizer.
氮（N）的有效性在粮食和纤维生产中起着关键作用。在20世纪和21世纪初，通过合成肥料提供植物可利用的氮是满足不断增长的人口穿衣吃饭所需产量增加的主要因素。为了继续满足全球需求并尽量减少环境问题，需要大幅提高生产系统中氮肥的利用效率。关于施用于农业土壤的氮肥去向以及减少向环境中流失的可能性，仍然存在重大不确定性。提高氮肥的技术和经济效率被视为对农业生产和环境都有利的情况，这为一个新的氮肥项目提供了很大动力。为解决这一重要问题，环境问题科学委员会（SCOPE）在2003年末至2004年初开展了一项氮肥快速评估项目（NFRAP）。这是国际氮倡议（INI）的首个正式项目。作为该评估的一部分，2004年1月12日至16日在乌干达坎帕拉成功举办了一次国际研讨会。该研讨会汇聚了来自世界各地的科学家，在农业系统总氮输入的背景下评估合成氮肥的去向，以提高氮的利用效率并减少对环境的负面影响。评估的区域化突出了撒哈拉以南非洲作物生产氮素不足难以满足养分需求的问题，以及中国主要水稻种植区氮素供应过剩的问题。评估结果发表在一本书（《SCOPE 65》）中，该书现已出版，为进一步讨论氮肥问题提供了基础。
