Modeling future acidification and fish populations in Norwegian surface waters.

Despite great progress made in the past 25 years, acid deposition continues to cause widespread damage to the environment in Europe and eastern North America. Legislation to limit emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds in Europe is now under revision. The most recent protocol was based in part on the critical loads concept. The new protocol may also take into consideration the time delays between dose and response inherent in natural ecosystems. Policy decisions to reduce adverse effects on ecosystems entail a trade-off: quick response will require deeper cuts in emissions and thus higher costs, whereas lower costs with lesser cuts in emissions will give slower response. Acidification of lakes and damage to fish populations in Norway is used as an example. Under current legislation for emission reductions, surface waters will continue to slowly recover, but for many decades lakes in about 18% of Norway will continue to have water quality insufficient to support healthy populations of brown trout and other indicator organisms. Additional emission reductions can speed up the rate and degree of recovery.