Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Pancreas. 2010 Aug;39(6):767-74. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec1261.
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the distal colon and rectum are also known as hindgut carcinoids based on their common embryologic derivation. Their annual incidence in the United States is rising, primarily as a result of increased incidental detection. Symptoms of rectal NETs include hematochezia, pain, and change in bowel habits. Most rectal NETs are small, submucosal in location, and associated with a very low malignant potential. Tumors larger than 2 cm or those invading the muscularis propria are associated with a significantly higher risk of metastatic spread. Colonic NETs proximal to the rectum are rarer and tend to behave more aggressively. The incidence of rectal NETs in African Americans and Asians is substantially higher than in Caucasians. Colorectal NETs are generally not associated with a hormonal syndrome such as flushing or diarrhea. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended in diagnosing and managing hindgut NETs.
远端结肠和直肠的神经内分泌肿瘤（NET）也被称为后肠类癌，这是基于它们共同的胚胎起源。在美国，它们的年发病率正在上升，主要是由于偶然发现的增加。直肠 NET 的症状包括血便、疼痛和排便习惯改变。大多数直肠 NET 体积较小，位于黏膜下层，恶性潜能很低。直径大于 2 厘米或侵犯肌层的肿瘤与转移扩散的风险显著增加相关。直肠前的结肠 NET 更为罕见，且往往更具侵袭性。非裔美国人和亚洲人的直肠 NET 发病率明显高于白种人。结直肠 NET 一般不与激素综合征相关，如潮红或腹泻。建议采用多学科方法诊断和治疗后肠 NET。
