Three-dimensional computed tomographic imaging and modeling in the upper extremity.

Technologic advances in imaging of the upper extremity have taken an immense leap in the last decade. So has the amount of research that has been published on this subject. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, in particular, have improved identification of fracture characteristics, such as fragments, fracture edges, and articular surfaces. Three-dimensional physical models can even increase the advantages of the 3D reconstructions. Together, 3D reconstructions and physical modeling may outweigh the disadvantages of increased cost, resource usage, and additional time, as research has shown that it can benefit both the surgeon and the patient significantly.