Marschall Yvonne, Distl Ottmar
Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover.
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2010 Jul-Aug;123(7-8):325-38.
In recent years, canine genetics had made huge progress. In 1999 the first complete karyotype and ideogram of the dog was published. Several linkage and RH maps followed. Using these maps, sets of microsatellite markers for whole genome scans were compiled. In 2003 the sequencing of the DNA of a female Boxer began. Now the second version of the dog genome assembly has been put online, and recently, a microchip SNP array became available. Parallel to these developments, some causal mutations for different traits have been identified. Most of the identified mutations were responsible for monogenic canine hereditary diseases. With the tools available now, it is possible to use the advantages of the population structure of the various dog breeds to unravel complex genetic traits. Furthermore, the dog is a suitable model for the research of a large number of human hereditary diseases and particularly for cancer genetics, heart and neurodegenerative diseases. There are some examples where it was possible to benefit from the knowledge of canine genetics for human research. The search for quantitative trait loci (QTL), the testing of candidate genes and genome-wide association studies can now be performed in dogs. QTL for skeletal size variations and for canine hip dysplasia have been already identified and for these complex traits the responsible genes and their possible interactions can now be identified.
近年来，犬类遗传学取得了巨大进展。1999年，犬类的首张完整核型图和染色体模式图得以发表。随后出现了几张连锁图谱和RH图谱。利用这些图谱，编制了用于全基因组扫描的微卫星标记集。2003年，一只雌性拳师犬的DNA测序工作启动。如今，犬类基因组组装的第二版已上线，最近，一种微芯片SNP阵列也已问世。与这些进展同步的是，已鉴定出一些与不同性状相关的因果突变。大多数已鉴定出的突变与单基因犬类遗传病有关。借助现有的工具，利用各种犬种的种群结构优势来解析复杂的遗传性状成为可能。此外，犬类是研究大量人类遗传病的合适模型，尤其适用于癌症遗传学、心脏和神经退行性疾病的研究。有一些实例表明，人类研究能够从犬类遗传学知识中获益。现在可以在犬类中开展数量性状基因座（QTL）搜索以及候选基因测试和全基因组关联研究。骨骼大小变异和犬类髋关节发育不良的QTL已经被鉴定出来，对于这些复杂性状，现在可以鉴定出相关基因及其可能的相互作用。
