During the past decade, robotic systems were evaluated for the first time in practically all surgical disciplines. With only a few exceptions (radical prostatectomy), mechatronic systems did not achieve a breakthrough in any field of application. Second generation robotic devices with better integration of complementary technologies (preoperative therapy planning, intraoperative diagnostic work-up, navigation, etc.) and augmented functionality are now ready to be introduced into clinical practice. It is hoped that the specific advantages of robotics will result in increased use compared to previous systems. Robotics is a key technology if new surgical strategies ("scarless surgery") are to succeed.