Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK.
Waste Manag Res. 2011 May;29(5):455-79. doi: 10.1177/0734242X10379455. Epub 2010 Aug 12.
A comparison of the implementation of extended producer responsibility (EPR) to packaging waste and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is presented for a representative sample of eleven European Union countries based on five indicators: stakeholders and responsibilities; compliance mechanisms; role of local authorities; financing mechanisms and merits and limitations, with four countries selected for more detailed case study analysis. Similarities, trends and differences in national systems are highlighted with particular focus on the role of local authorities and their relationship with obligated producers and the effect on the operation and success of each system. The national systems vary considerably in design, in terms of influence of pre-existing policy and systems, methods of achieving producer compliance (multiple or single collective schemes), fee structures, targets, waste stream prioritization and local authority involvement. Differing approaches are evident across all member states with respect to the role played by local authorities, responsibility apportioned to them, and the evolution of working relationships between obligated producers and municipalities. On the whole, EPR for packaging and WEEE has been successfully implemented throughout Europe in terms of Directive targets. It is, however, clear that the EPR systems currently in application across Europe differ primarily due to contrasting opinion on the legitimacy of local authorities as stakeholders and, in some cases, a fear on the part of industry of associated costs. Where local authorities have been engaged in the design and implementation of national systems, existing infrastructure used and defined roles established for producers and local authorities, results have been significantly more positive than in the cases where local authorities have had limited engagement.
对 11 个欧盟国家实施包装废物和废旧电子电气设备（WEEE）扩展生产者责任（EPR）的情况进行了比较，基于五个指标：利益相关者和责任；合规机制；地方当局的作用；融资机制以及优点和局限性，并选择了四个国家进行更详细的案例研究分析。突出显示了国家系统之间的相似之处、趋势和差异，特别关注地方当局的作用及其与义务生产者的关系，以及对每个系统的运作和成功的影响。国家系统在设计上存在很大差异，影响因素包括现有政策和系统、实现生产者合规的方法（多种或单一集体计划）、收费结构、目标、废物流优先级和地方当局参与程度。在所有成员国中，地方当局的作用、分配给他们的责任以及义务生产者和市政府之间工作关系的演变方面，都存在明显的差异。总的来说，从指令目标的角度来看，欧洲在包装和 WEEE 的 EPR 方面已经取得了成功。然而，很明显，目前在整个欧洲应用的 EPR 系统主要是由于对地方当局作为利益相关者的合法性存在不同意见，在某些情况下，工业界对相关成本存在担忧。在地方当局参与国家系统的设计和实施的地方，利用现有基础设施并为生产者和地方当局确立明确角色的地方，结果明显比地方当局参与有限的情况下更为积极。
