Abrahamson P E
Institute of Economics and Planning, Roskilde University Centre, Denmark.
Int J Health Serv. 1991;21(2):237-64. doi: 10.2190/UN67-UWBW-DG0C-BBYG.
Social policy in Europe is changing fundamentally from a system of public (government) support to a welfare pluralism, or a "welfare mix" supported by the private and public sectors and by voluntary agencies. The overall tendencies are privatization, decentralization, and debureaucratization. With the prospect of a single-market economy within the European Communities in 1993, the fight against poverty in member nations may lead to "social dumping." Two major problems are identified: the lack of guaranteed minimum income schemes in the so-called "Latin Rim" countries, and the effect on workers' and citizens' rights in an integrated Europe. The fight against poverty is--despite some efforts from the Commission of the European Communities--basically left to the individual member states. This portends a gloomy scenario for the poorer populations of Europe in the 1990s. The author examines welfare state types within clusters of countries: the modern (Scandinavia), the corporatist (Federal Republic of Germany), the residual (Britain), and the rudimentary (Latin Rim). The conclusion, unfortunately, is that future overall development of European welfare systems in the 1990s will probably be toward "Americanization," with a move away from the modern, or Scandinavian, model toward a corporatist model for welfare policy.
欧洲的社会政策正在从公共（政府）支持体系向福利多元化，即由私营和公共部门以及志愿机构支持的“福利组合”发生根本性转变。总体趋势是私有化、分权化和非官僚化。随着1993年欧洲共同体单一市场经济前景的出现，成员国消除贫困的斗争可能导致“社会倾销”。确定了两个主要问题：所谓“拉丁边缘”国家缺乏有保障的最低收入计划，以及一体化欧洲对工人和公民权利的影响。尽管欧洲共同体委员会做出了一些努力，但消除贫困的斗争基本上仍由各个成员国负责。这预示着20世纪90年代欧洲较贫困人群的前景黯淡。作者考察了不同国家群体中的福利国家类型：现代型（斯堪的纳维亚）、社团主义型（德意志联邦共和国）、剩余型（英国）和基本型（拉丁边缘）。不幸的是，结论是20世纪90年代欧洲福利体系未来的总体发展可能会走向“美国化”，从现代型或斯堪的纳维亚模式转向社团主义福利政策模式。
