Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Psychophysiology. 2011 Mar;48(3):323-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01069.x. Epub 2010 Aug 16.
Degree of pupil dilation has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure of cognitive load, but the effect of aural versus visual task presentation on pupil dilation is unknown. To evaluate effects of presentation mode, pupil dilation was measured in three tasks spanning a range of cognitive activities: mental multiplication, digit sequence recall, and vigilance. Stimuli were presented both aurally and visually, controlling for all known visual influences on pupil diameter. The patterns of dilation were similar for both aural and visual presentation for all three tasks, but the magnitudes of pupil response were greater for aural presentation. Accuracy was higher for visual presentation for mental arithmetic and digit recall. The findings can be accounted for in terms of dual codes in working memory and suggest that cognitive load is lower for visual than for aural presentation.
瞳孔扩张程度已被证明是衡量认知负荷的有效且可靠的指标，但听觉与视觉呈现任务对瞳孔扩张的影响尚不清楚。为了评估呈现模式的效果，我们在三个涵盖不同认知活动的任务中测量了瞳孔扩张：心算乘法、数字序列回忆和警戒。刺激以听觉和视觉两种方式呈现，控制了所有已知的对瞳孔直径的视觉影响。对于所有三个任务，听觉和视觉呈现的扩张模式都相似，但听觉呈现的瞳孔反应幅度更大。对于心算和数字回忆，视觉呈现的准确性更高。这些发现可以根据工作记忆中的双重代码来解释，并表明视觉呈现的认知负荷低于听觉呈现。
