Florida International University.
Int J Urban Reg Res. 2010;34(2):365-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00906.x.
Housing cooperatives became active in urban areas in Sweden, India and the United States during the interwar period. Yet, after the second world war, while housing cooperatives grew phenomenally nationwide in Sweden and India, they did not do so in the United States. This article makes a comparative institutional analysis of the evolution of housing cooperatives in these three countries. The analysis reveals that housing cooperatives' relationship with the state and the consequent support structures explain the divergent evolution. Although the relationships between cooperatives and the state evolved over time, they can be characterized as embedded autonomy, overembeddedness and disembeddedness in Sweden, India and the United States respectively. Whereas the consequent support structures for housing cooperatives became well developed in Sweden and India, such structures have been weak in the United States. The article highlights the need for embedded autonomy and the need for supportive structures to enable the growth of housing cooperatives.
住房合作社在两次世界大战期间于瑞典、印度和美国的城市地区活跃起来。然而，第二次世界大战后，住房合作社在瑞典和印度全国范围内迅猛发展，在美国却没有。本文对这三个国家住房合作社的发展进行了比较制度分析。分析表明，住房合作社与国家的关系以及由此产生的支持结构解释了这种不同的发展。尽管合作社与国家的关系随着时间的推移而演变，但它们可以分别被描述为瑞典、印度和美国的嵌入式自治、过度嵌入和去嵌入。虽然住房合作社的支持结构在瑞典和印度得到了很好的发展，但在美国却很薄弱。本文强调了嵌入式自治和支持结构的必要性，以促进住房合作社的发展。
