Department of Social and Human Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
Cognition. 2010 Nov;117(2):224-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.004.
Our decision about whether to trust and cooperate with someone is influenced by the individual's facial appearance despite its limited predictive power. Thus, remembering trustworthy-looking cheaters is more important than remembering untrustworthy-looking cheaters because we are more likely to trust and cooperate with the former, resulting in a higher risk of unreciprocated cooperation. The present study investigated whether our mind adaptively copes with this problem by enhancing memory for trustworthy-looking cheaters. Participants played a debt game, wherein they learned to discriminate among good, neutral, and bad lenders, who respectively charged no, moderate, and high interest on the debt. Each lender had either a trustworthy- or untrustworthy-looking face. A subsequent memory test revealed that participants remembered the bad traits of trustworthy-looking lenders more accurately than those of untrustworthy-looking lenders. The results demonstrate enhanced memory for trustworthy-looking cheaters, or wolves in sheep's clothing, implying that humans are equipped with protective mechanisms against disguised, unfaithful signs of trustworthiness.
尽管面部特征预测信任与合作的能力有限，但我们决定是否信任和合作某人时会受到个体面部外观的影响。因此，记住长相值得信任的骗子比记住长相不值得信任的骗子更为重要，因为我们更有可能信任和合作前者，从而增加了遭受不回报合作的风险。本研究通过增强对长相值得信任的骗子的记忆来探讨我们的思维是否能自适应地应对这一问题。参与者玩债务游戏，从中学会区分好、中、差放贷人，他们分别对债务收取无息、中等利息和高利息。每个放贷人都有长相值得信任或不值得信任的面孔。随后的记忆测试显示，参与者更准确地记住了长相值得信任的放贷人不好的特征，而不是长相不值得信任的放贷人的不好的特征。研究结果表明，参与者对长相值得信任的骗子（披着羊皮的狼）的记忆增强，这意味着人类有针对伪装的、不忠诚的信任迹象的保护机制。
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