Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
Center for Baby Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
Cogn Process. 2021 Aug;22(3):529-537. doi: 10.1007/s10339-021-01028-3. Epub 2021 Apr 16.
Reciprocal interactions require memories of social exchanges; however, little is known about how we remember social partner actions, especially during childhood when we start forming peer-to-peer relationships. This study examined if the expectation-violation effect, which has been observed in adults' source memory, exists among 5-6-year-old children. Forty participants played a coin collection game where they either received or lost coins after being shown an individual with a smiling or angry expression. This set-up generated congruent (smiling-giver and angry-taker) versus incongruent (smiling-taker and angry-giver) conditions. In the subsequent tasks, the children were asked to recall which actions accompanied each individual. The children considered the person with incongruent conditions as being stranger than the person with congruent conditions, suggesting that the former violated the children's emotion-based expectations. However, no heightened source memory was found for the incongruent condition. Instead, children seem to better recognise the action of angry individuals than smiling individuals, suggesting that angry facial expressions are more salient for children's source memory in a social exchange.
互惠互动需要对社交交流的记忆；然而，我们对如何记忆社交伙伴的行为知之甚少，尤其是在我们开始形成同龄人间的关系的童年时期。本研究考察了在 5-6 岁的儿童中是否存在成人来源记忆中观察到的违反预期效应。四十名参与者玩了一个硬币收集游戏，在看到一个面带微笑或愤怒表情的人后，他们要么得到要么失去了硬币。这种设置产生了一致的（微笑给予者和愤怒接受者）与不一致的条件（微笑接受者和愤怒给予者）。在随后的任务中，孩子们被要求回忆每个个体伴随的动作。孩子们认为不一致条件下的人比一致条件下的人更陌生，这表明前者违反了他们基于情绪的预期。然而，对于不一致的条件，并没有发现更高的源记忆。相反，孩子们似乎更能识别愤怒个体的动作，而不是微笑个体的动作，这表明愤怒的面部表情对儿童在社交互动中的源记忆更为突出。
