Pennington B F, Van Orden G C, Smith S D, Green P A, Haith M M
Department of Psychology, University of Denver, CO 80210.
Child Dev. 1990 Dec;61(6):1753-78.
This article presents 4 experiments aimed at defining the primary underlying phonological processing deficit(s) in adult dyslexia. 5 phonological processes, all involving spoken language, were studied: phoneme perception, phoneme awareness, lexical retrieval of phonology, articulatory speed, and phonetic coding in verbal short-term memory. 2 differently ascertained adult dyslexic groups, familial dyslexics (n = 15) and clinic dyslexics (n = 15), were the subjects in each experiment. These dyslexic groups were chosen because deficits that persist until adulthood and that are found in differently ascertained dyslexic groups are more likely to be primary. Each dyslexic group was compared to 2 control groups, chronological age (CA) controls who were similar in age and sex, and younger reading age (RA) controls who were similar in reading age and sex. The main finding was a clear deficit in phoneme awareness in both dyslexic groups, with each dyslexic group performing significantly worse than both CA and RA controls. Moreover, performance on the 2 phoneme awareness tasks together uniquely accounted for substantial variance in nonword reading. The clinic but not the familial dyslexics appeared to have an additional deficit in verbal short-term memory. No clear deficits were found in either dyslexic group in phoneme perception, lexical retrieval, or articulatory speed.
本文介绍了4项实验，旨在确定成人诵读困难症潜在的主要语音处理缺陷。研究了5种均涉及口语的语音处理过程：音素感知、音素意识、语音的词汇检索、发音速度以及言语短期记忆中的语音编码。在每项实验中，选取了2个通过不同方式确定的成人诵读困难症组作为研究对象，即家族性诵读困难症患者（n = 15）和临床诊断的诵读困难症患者（n = 15）。选择这些诵读困难症组是因为持续到成年且在不同确定方式的诵读困难症组中都存在的缺陷更有可能是原发性的。将每个诵读困难症组与2个对照组进行比较，一个是年龄和性别匹配的实足年龄（CA）对照组，另一个是阅读年龄和性别匹配的较低阅读年龄（RA）对照组。主要发现是两个诵读困难症组在音素意识方面均存在明显缺陷，每个诵读困难症组的表现均显著差于CA对照组和RA对照组。此外，两项音素意识任务的表现共同唯一地解释了非单词阅读中相当大的方差。临床诊断的诵读困难症患者（而非家族性诵读困难症患者）在言语短期记忆方面似乎还存在额外缺陷。在两个诵读困难症组中，未发现音素感知、词汇检索或发音速度方面存在明显缺陷。
