Cianci R, Pagliari D, Pietroni V, Landolfi R, Pandolfi F
J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2010 Jul-Sep;24(3):239-49.
The second half of the XX century saw a continuous improvement in the understanding of cellular immunology. The discovery of monoclonal antibodies permitted to identify several functional T-cell subpopulations, characterized by a specific pattern of cytokine secretion. According to their functions, cytokines have been divided into two main groups: pro- and anti- inflammatory. Cytokines are involved in several aspects of immunity and inflammation. Because of its importance in host defence, the cytokine system is redundant and therefore different cytokines may perform similar activities. Although cytokines and inflammatory processes have been studied widely in the peripheral blood, it is our opinion that the most important pathogenetic events occur at the tissue level, therefore the study of Tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) is of foremost importance. In this review we therefore focus on the cytokine microenvironment; different local tissue cytokine-cocktails can modulate and regulate T-cell proliferation and differentiation. CD4+ T-cells are not characterized by irreversibly differentiated endpoints, but there is an evident plasticity of these cells with a large possibility of differentiation options. We will discuss the issue and give examples of the diseases where the study of TIL and their microenvironment are most significant, including tumors, primary immunodeficiencies, rheumathoid arthritis, inflammatory skin diseases and coronary disease. We also review the role of apoptosis and the environment of mucosal immunity.
二十世纪后半叶，人们对细胞免疫学的理解不断深入。单克隆抗体的发现使人们能够识别几种功能性T细胞亚群，这些亚群具有特定的细胞因子分泌模式。根据其功能，细胞因子可分为两大类：促炎和抗炎。细胞因子参与免疫和炎症的多个方面。由于细胞因子系统在宿主防御中具有重要作用，因此具有冗余性，不同的细胞因子可能具有相似的活性。尽管细胞因子和炎症过程在外周血中已得到广泛研究，但我们认为最重要的致病事件发生在组织水平，因此组织浸润淋巴细胞（TIL）的研究至关重要。因此，在本综述中，我们重点关注细胞因子微环境；不同的局部组织细胞因子混合物可调节T细胞的增殖和分化。CD4 + T细胞并非具有不可逆分化的终点，而是具有明显的可塑性，有多种分化选择的可能性。我们将讨论这个问题，并举例说明TIL及其微环境研究最为重要的疾病，包括肿瘤、原发性免疫缺陷、类风湿性关节炎、炎症性皮肤病和冠状动脉疾病。我们还将综述细胞凋亡的作用以及黏膜免疫环境。
