Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINC-Global), Instituto de Recursos Naturales, CCMA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Sep;1206:35-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05704.x.
Global change drivers create new environmental scenarios and selective pressures, affecting plant species in various interacting ways. Plants respond with changes in phenology, physiology, and reproduction, with consequences for biotic interactions and community composition. We review information on phenotypic plasticity, a primary means by which plants cope with global change scenarios, recommending promising approaches for investigating the evolution of plasticity and describing constraints to its evolution. We discuss the important but largely ignored role of phenotypic plasticity in range shifts and review the extensive literature on invasive species as models of evolutionary change in novel environments. Plasticity can play a role both in the short-term response of plant populations to global change as well as in their long-term fate through the maintenance of genetic variation. In new environmental conditions, plasticity of certain functional traits may be beneficial (i.e., the plastic response is accompanied by a fitness advantage) and thus selected for. Plasticity can also be relevant in the establishment and persistence of plants in novel environments that are crucial for populations at the colonizing edge in range shifts induced by climate change. Experimental studies show taxonomically widespread plastic responses to global change drivers in many functional traits, though there is a lack of empirical support for many theoretical models on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Future studies should assess the adaptive value and evolutionary potential of plasticity under complex, realistic global change scenarios. Promising tools include resurrection protocols and artificial selection experiments.
全球变化驱动因素创造了新的环境情景和选择压力，以各种相互作用的方式影响植物物种。植物通过物候、生理和繁殖的变化来做出反应，这对生物相互作用和群落组成有影响。我们回顾了有关表型可塑性的信息，表型可塑性是植物应对全球变化情景的主要手段之一，我们推荐了一些有前途的方法来研究可塑性的进化，并描述了其进化的限制。我们讨论了表型可塑性在范围转移中重要但在很大程度上被忽视的作用，并回顾了关于入侵物种的广泛文献，将其作为在新环境中进化变化的模型。可塑性可以在植物种群对全球变化的短期反应中发挥作用，也可以通过维持遗传变异在长期内对其命运产生影响。在新的环境条件下，某些功能特征的可塑性可能是有益的（即，可塑性反应伴随着适应优势），因此会被选择。可塑性也与在新环境中的植物建立和生存有关，对于气候变化引起的范围转移中处于边缘地区的种群来说，这些环境至关重要。实验研究表明，在许多功能特征中，全球变化驱动因素在分类上广泛存在对植物的可塑性反应，但许多关于表型可塑性进化的理论模型缺乏经验支持。未来的研究应该评估在复杂的、现实的全球变化情景下可塑性的适应性价值和进化潜力。有前途的工具包括复苏方案和人工选择实验。
