Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Virchows Arch. 2010 Nov;457(5):513-20. doi: 10.1007/s00428-010-0983-8. Epub 2010 Oct 5.
The technique of making moulages (wax models) for the teaching of anatomy was introduced in Florence from the late 1600s. Studying the moulages was a much more pleasant way of learning anatomy than the alternative of dissecting dead bodies, when the tissues were undergoing postmortem decay. The technique spread to other medical schools in Europe as well as to England, Russia, North and South America, and Japan. The introduction of photography in the late 1800s made the moulageurs redundant. However, all of these countries now have historical museums that exhibit the specimens that remain from this period. A few moulageurs did continue to make specimens, mainly of dermatological conditions, right into the late 1900s. In 2005, the University of Zurich opened a new museum to showcase some such moulages made by local artists.
制作蜡模(蜡型)用于解剖教学的技术是从 17 世纪后期从佛罗伦萨引入的。与解剖尸体(当时组织正在经历死后腐烂)相比,学习蜡模是一种更为愉快的学习解剖学的方式。该技术也传播到欧洲的其他医学院以及英国、俄罗斯、北美和南美以及日本。19 世纪后期摄影技术的引入使蜡模师变得多余。然而,所有这些国家现在都有历史博物馆,展示了这一时期遗留下来的标本。少数蜡模师确实继续制作标本,主要是皮肤病的标本,直到 20 世纪 90 年代后期。2005 年,苏黎世大学开设了一个新的博物馆,展示了一些由当地艺术家制作的此类蜡模。