Comparison of racemic ketamine and S-ketamine as agents for the induction of anaesthesia in goats.
作者信息
Jud Rahel, Picek Stephanie, Makara Mariano A, Steininger Kathrin, Hässig Michael, Bettschart-Wolfensberger Regula
机构信息
Equine Department, Section of Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
出版信息
Vet Anaesth Analg. 2010 Nov;37(6):511-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00570.x.
OBJECTIVE
To compare racemic ketamine and S-ketamine as induction agents prior to isoflurane anaesthesia.
STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, blinded, randomized experimental study.
ANIMALS
Thirty-one healthy adult goats weighing 39-86 kg.
METHODS
Goats were premedicated with xylazine (0.1 mg kg(-1)) intravenously (IV) given over 5 minutes. Each goat was assigned randomly to one of two treatments for IV anaesthetic induction: group RK (15 goats) racemic ketamine (3 mg kg(-1)) and group SK (16 goats) S-ketamine (1.5 mg kg(-1)). Time from end-injection to recumbency was measured and quality of anaesthetic induction and condition for endotracheal intubation were scored. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen for 90 minutes. Heart rate, invasive arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation, temperature, end-tidal carbon dioxide and isoflurane were recorded every 5 minutes. Arterial blood samples were taken for analysis every 30 minutes. Recovery time to recurrence of swallowing reflex, to first head movement and to standing were recorded and recovery quality was scored. Two-way repeated measures anova, Mann-Whitney and a Mantel-Cox tests were used for statistical analysis as relevant with a significance level set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
Induction of anaesthesia was smooth and uneventful in all goats. There was no statistical difference between groups in any measured parameter. Side effects following anaesthetic induction included slight head or limb twitching, moving forward and backward, salivation and nystagmus but were minimal. Endotracheal intubation was achieved in all goats at first or second attempt. Recovery was uneventful on all occasions. All goats were quiet and needed only one or two attempts to stand.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
S-ketamine at half the dose rate of racemic ketamine in goats sedated with xylazine and thereafter anaesthetised with isoflurane induces the same clinically measurable effects.
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