Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
Evolution. 2011 Apr;65(4):1079-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01187.x. Epub 2010 Nov 30.
Inducible defenses of prey and inducible offenses of predators are drastic phenotypic changes activated by the interaction between a prey and predator. Inducible defenses occur in many taxa and occur more frequently than inducible offenses. Recent empirical studies have reported reciprocal phenotypic changes in both predator and prey. Here, we model the coevolution of inducible plasticity in both prey and predator, and examine how the evolutionary dynamics of inducible plasticity affect the population dynamics of a predator-prey system. Under a broad range of parameter values, the proportion of predators with an offensive phenotype is smaller than the proportion of prey with a defensive phenotype, and the offense level is relatively lower than the defense level at evolutionary end points. Our model also predicts that inducible plasticity evolves in both species when predation success depends sensitively on the difference in the inducible trait value between the two species. Reciprocal phenotypic plasticity may be widespread in nature but may have been overlooked by field studies because offensive phenotypes are rare and inconspicuous.
诱导防御和诱导进攻是猎物和捕食者之间相互作用产生的剧烈表型变化。诱导防御存在于许多生物类群中，比诱导进攻更为常见。最近的实证研究报告了捕食者和猎物都存在相互的表型变化。在这里，我们建立了猎物和捕食者中诱导可塑性的共同进化模型，并研究了诱导可塑性的进化动态如何影响捕食者-猎物系统的种群动态。在广泛的参数值范围内，具有进攻表型的捕食者的比例小于具有防御表型的猎物的比例，并且在进化终点时，进攻水平相对低于防御水平。我们的模型还预测，当捕食成功取决于两个物种之间的诱导性状值差异的敏感性时，两种物种中的诱导可塑性都会进化。互惠的表型可塑性在自然界中可能很普遍，但由于进攻表型很少见且不显眼，可能被野外研究忽略了。
